A
fanduri_ gavrcelebulia a. saqarTveloSi: fSav-xevsureTSi, TuSeTSi, qiziySi, qarlSi da kaxeTSi. sxvadasxva kuTxis fandurebi erTmaneTisgan garegnuli formebiT gansxvavdebian. Ffanduri Sedgeba 3 DZiriTadi nawilisagan: korpusi( zeda deka da muceli ), tari (Tavi da yeli) da damxmare nawilTagan(yeli, moqlonebi, zeda zRurbli, saqcevebi, jora, kora, Rili). xevsuruli fanduri niCbiseburia danarCeni ki naviseburni. sxvadasxva kuTxeebis fandurebs Soris gansxvaveba gamoxatulia maT: garegnul formebSi, zomebSi da saqcevTa raodenobaSi. sityva fanduri X s –is xelnawerSi gvxvdeba ipolites Txzulebis qarTul TargmanSi, romelic savaraudod somxuridanaa naTargmni. Ffanduris wyoba aris pirveli oqtavis sol, la, meore oqtavis do. Nnaxevartonianis wyobaa pirveli oqtavis la, meore oqtavis do da mi. arsebobs banis fanduri wyobiT didi oqtavis sol, patara oqtavis re da la. fandurze aisaxeba qarTuli musikaluri azrovnebis sxvadasxva etapi. xevsuruli fanduri ki Seesabameba musikaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis im etaps rodesac cnobili iyo tonikur-dominanturi funqcionaluri damokidebuleba, rac ganviTarebis sakmaod maRali donis maCvenebelia. baruli fanduri ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze dgas, razec miuTiTebs saqcevebis meti raodenoba, sakravis daxvewiloba da dakvris SedarebiT dawinaurebuli teqnika. Conguri _ aris saakompanimento sakravi, romelic harmoniul fons uqmnis simReras. gavrcelebulia dasavleT saqarTveloSi: guriaSi, samegrelosa da aWaraSi da maszed sruldeba sacekvao da salxino simRerebi. igi oTx simiania (3-grZeli da 1-mokle) da ramdenime wyoba aqvs, rac mis bgeraTa simravliTa da maragiTaa gamoixatuli da romelic warmoadgens sakravis harmoniuli SesaZleblobisa da diapazonis gafarToebis saSualebas. Congurs saqcevebi ar gaaCnia. fanduris msgavsad saami nawilisagan Sedgeba. da ganmasxvavebeli niSani sxvadasxva kuTxis Congurebs Soris wyobaa. Conguris wyobaa fa, la, do. da masTan fandurisgan gansxvavebiT wyobis Secvla anu “skordatura” ar gvxvdeba. Conguris bgeraTwarmoebis xerxebi bevrad ufro mravalferovania vodre fandurisa. am sakravze Cawerilia “megruli cekva” d. arayiSvilis mier. Wianurs rac Seexeba _ igi gavrcelebulia svaneTSi (Wuniri), raWaSi, xevsureTsa da TuSeTSi (Wianuri). gaxlavT saceriviT mrgvali formis, romlis membranac warmoadgens Canaze gadaWimul da gadakrul tyavs; Canis SigniT Cadgmul tarze abmulia cxenis Zuis simebi da misganvea gakeTebuli rkalisebri xemi. xemi mSvildiseburia, korpusi ki naviseburi. Wuniris speqtrebSi gamoirCeva maRali obertonebi, romlebic ZiriTadi bgeris mimarT disonansur intervalebs qmnian. Amis gamo Wunirs aqvs ,,xrinwiani” xma, flaJoleturi xasiaTisa. Mmzeze gacxelebul instruments xma ukeTesi uxdeba. Wuniri gamoirCeva Tavisi bgeradobebiT mag: samsimiani TanabgeradobiT rasac xemis erTdroulad sam simze gasma gvaZlevs. raWuli Wuniri sxvebisgan gansxvavdeba orsimianobiT. samegrelosa da guriaSi gvxvdeba lerwmis 6 erTmaneTze miwyobili lulisagan Semdgari instrumenti igive _ mravalReriani salamuri. mas soinars anu larWemsac uwodeben. dakvirvebisas TvalSi gvxvdeba milebis ganlageba centridan kideebisaken klebadi sigrZiT. Bbgerebis wyobaa marjvnidan la, do, mi, marcxnidan_ do, re, fa. larWemsa da soinarze sruldeba mwyemsuri da sacekvao melodiebi. es sakravi mwyemsebis sakravs warmoadgens da Sesabamisad samegreloSi qorwilebSi ukravdnen an dReobebSi xolo guriaSi soflis monadireebisaTvis sasignalo sakravad gamoiyeneboda. Dd. arayiSvilis da s. makalaTisa cnobebiT arsebobda 5Reriani salamuri da 7Reriani soinari. Bbolos am sakravze me19 s-is 80-ian wlebSi ukravdnen mwyemsebi. dRes ki aRaravin moiZebneba masze SemsrubelTa Soris. xalxuri gadmocemiT Cv.w. aR-mde IV saukuneSi, saberZneTis dedaqalaq aTenSi aRmarTuli iyo qandakeba, sadac qalRmerTs kolx biWs awvdida instruments. es gaxldaT _ salamuri. igi rom qarTvelTa uZvelesi erovnuli sakravia, amas literaturuli wyaroebic gvidastureben. salamuris gamogoneba da gavrceleba qarTvelTa winaprebs, Tubalebis modgmis xalxs miewereba. dabadebis ebraul teqstSi naTqvamia ,, iobali iyo mama yovelTa damkvrelTa salamurze da barbiTze”. misi uZvelesoba dasturdeba arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli ZeglebiTac. mcxeTaSi 1938 wels erTerT saflavSi (me15-me18 s-eebi Cv.w. aR- mde) 12 sm. sigrZis Zvlis ueno salamuri aRmoCnda. romelic gedis lulovani ZvliT iyo damzadebuli. Aam sakravis siZveles mravali legenda da gadmocemac mowmobs. salamurebi ornairia: ueno da eniani, romlebic zomiT da tembriT gansxvavdebian. salamurze sruldeba mwyemsuri da sacekvao melodiebi, uenoze mxolod mwyemsuri. ueno salamuri mogvianebiT gaCnda. Gguda_stviri _ gavrcelebulia raWaSi (stviri/Stviri) aWaraSi ( Wiboni/ Wimoni), mesxeTSi (Tulumi), qarTlSi, fSavSi (stviri). Gguda_stviri mzaddeba xbos an ciknis tyavisagan, romlis damuSavebas specialisti sWirdeba. gudas cal mxareze ukeTdeba Casaberi masra, xolo meoreze navi, romelSic 2 TvlebamoWrili lerwamia Cadgmuli. ATvlebi erTze 6-ia da mTqmeli ewodeba, xolo meoreze 3 da banis mTqmelis saxeliTaa cnobili. rqa jixvis an xarisaa da guda-stvirs diatonuri bgeraTrigi aqvs. Mis erT-erT Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom masze aiReba orxmiani Tanabgeradobebi da sruldeba orxmiani hangebi. sayuradReboa d. arayiSvilis dakvirveba, rom stviris lerwmebis erTnairi bgerebis gamomcemi naxvretebidan TviToeulSi calke CaberviT 1/2 toniT gansxvavebuli bgerebi miiReba, xolo erTdroulad oriveSi CaberviT_ unisonuri bgerebi. sineste bgerebs adablebs, guda_stvirze aiReba orxmovani da calkeuli bgerebi. es sakravi arsebobs Zv.w. I aTaswleulidan. Tumca saxelwodeba gudastviri me-17 s-ze adre ar gvxvdeba (s._s. Oorbeliani) magram ormagi salamuris arseboba saq-Si I s-Si gvafiqrebinebs mis gacilebiT adre arsebobas. rogorc aRvniSneT, guda_stviris principul Taviseburebas orxmovanebis SesaZlebloba da meqanikuri Cebervis unari warmoadgens. rac Seexeba dasartymel sakravebs maTi funqcia cekvis dros ritmuli suraTis xazgasma iyo. saq-s baris kuTxeebSi gavrcelebulia dasartymeli sakravebi _ doli da daira, magram maTSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba es sakravebi. maT am kuTxeebSi cvlis taSi. doli_ gavrcelebulia saq-s baris kuTxeebSi da rogorc avRniSneT jer kidevMme-12 saukunidan gvxvdeba qarTul wyaroebSi. igi warmodgenilia tyavgadakruli xis cilindruli korpusiT sadac tyavi damagrebulia TasmebiT da tyavis moWimvis funqciasac iTavsebs. aRsaniSnavia rom sakravis maRal bgerebs centri gamoscems xolo dabals ki ganapira. dolisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli sakravi warmodgenili xis rkalze gadaWimuli ciknis tyavis membraniTa da SigniTa mxridan xmaurisaTvis gaformebuli rgolebiTa da eJvanebiT gaxlavT _ daira anu dafi, romelic lxinSi cekva TamaSisTvis gamoiyeneboda. sakravis funqcias warmoadgenda cekvis Tanxleba da cekvis dros ritmis xazgasma. ar SemiZlia ar gamovyo Tavisi saocari da ganumeorebeli JReradobis gamo q.x.s.-is mSveneba duduki romlis warmoSoba jer kidev kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas da sruliad kavkasia miiCneva mis samSoblod. Igi amSvenebda sxvadasxva miRebebs, ritualebs da dResac aocebs da atkbobs evropelebs misi saocari da ganumeorebeli tembri.
droTa gamnavlobaSi daxvewili sakravebi TavianTi saSensruleblo SesaZleblobebis gazrdis aucileblobis gamo kirile vaSakiZem Zireulad gardahqmna. instrumentebi mTeltoniani wyobidan naxevartonian wyobad gadaakeTa, riTac saSualeba misca ara mxolod xalxuri aramed klasikuri musikis warmatebul da efeqtur Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas. dResdReobiT qarTuli xalxuri sakravebi aRorZinebis stadiaSia da xdeba misi popularizacia. amas jer kidev me-20 saukunis Suaxanebidan moyolebuli virtuozi Semsrulebeli omar kelaptriSvili warmatebulad axorcielebda. Man didi wvlili Seitana erovnuli instrumentuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi. gaitana igi qveynis farglebs gareT da gaacno evropel xalxebs. omaris damsaxurebaa, rom qarTulma salamurma moiara mTeli msoflio da ukeT gaecno am sakravs qarTveli xalxi, Seiyvara da daiwyo kvlav aRorZineba. me Rrmad mwams rom qarTuli suliskveTeba da kultura manam iqneba cocxali, sanam xalxi isev Seqmnis xelovnebis margalitebs, sanam momaval Taobebs ainteresebs winaparTa istoria gamoxatuli kulturul elementebSi da sanam qarTuli xalxuri sakravieri Tu sasimRero Semoqmedeba cocxalia da swvdeba qveynierebis kidiTkides Tavisi sidiadiT da ganumeoreblobiT.
